Clive Peters Electrical

Green Revolution
History

Indian success

Main article: Green Revolution in India

With experience in agricultural development began in Mexico in 1943 by Norman Borlaug, considered as a success, the Rockefeller Foundation has sought to expand to other nations. The Office of Special Studies in Mexico became an informal international research institute in 1959, and in 1963 it officially became CIMMYT, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center.

In 1961, India is on the brink of mass starvation. Borlaug was invited to India by the adviser to the Indian minister of agriculture MS Swaminathan. Despite bureaucratic hurdles imposed by the monopoly of the grain of India, the Ford Foundation and Indian government collaborated to import wheat seed from CIMMYT. Punjab has been chosen by the Indian government to be the first site to try new crops because of its reliable water supply and a history of agricultural success. India began its own Green Revolution program of plant breeding, irrigation development, and financing of agrochemicals.

India passed from IR8 - a variety of semi-dwarf developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IRRI), which could produce more grains of rice per plant when grown with some fertilizers and irrigation. In 1968, Indian agronomist SK De Datta has published his findings that IR8 rice produces about 5 tonnes per hectare without fertilizer, and almost 10 tons per hectare under optimal conditions. This was 10 times the yield of traditional rice. IR8 was a success throughout Asia, and dubbed the "Miracle Rice." IR8 was also developed semi-dwarf IR36.

In the 1960s, rice yields in India were about two tonnes per hectare by the mid-1990s they had risen to six tons per hectare. In the 1970s, rice cost about $ 550 a ton in 2001, it cost less than $ 200 a ton. India has become one of the world's leading producers of rice, the most successful, and is now a major rice exporter, shipping nearly 4.5 million tonnes in 2006.

IR8 and the Philippines

In 1960, the Government of the Republic of the Philippines with Ford and Rockefeller foundations created IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). A cross between rice Dee-geo-woo-gen and Peta has been made to IRRI in 1962. In 1966, one of the lines of reproduction has become a new cultivar, IR8. IR8 required the use of fertilizers and pesticides, but produces significantly higher yields than traditional varieties. annual production of rice in the Philippines has increased from 3.7 to 7.7 million tonnes two decades. The transition to IR8 Rice made the Philippines a rice exporter for the first time in the 20th century. But the massive use of pesticides has reduced the number of fish and species of frogs in the rice fields.

CGIAR

In 1970, officials of the Foundation has proposed a global network of agricultural research centers as part of a permanent secretariat. This proposal was supported and developed by the World Bank, May 19, 1971, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research has been established, co-sponsored by FAO, IFAD and UNDP. CGIAR has added many research centers around the world.

The CGIAR has responded, at least in part, to criticisms of Green Revolution methods. It began in the 1980s and was mainly the result of pressure from donors. Methods for analysis of agro-ecosystems, such as agriculture and research system have been adopted to obtain a more holistic view of agriculture. Methods like Rapid Rural Appraisal and Participatory Rural Appraisal have been adopted to help scientists understand the problems faced by farmers and even give farmers a role in the development process.

Problems of Africa

There have been many attempts to introduce the concepts of successful projects in Mexico and India in Africa. These programs have generally been less successful for a number of reasons. The reasons cited include widths.